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2024-05-06
Last modified: 2024-05-14 21:10:08
< 2024-05-05 2024-05-07 >
Machine building
Still todo is:
- get shorter screws for bolting to linear rail carriages (48x)
- assemble Z axis
- assemble the frame
- motor mounts
- hook up to LinuxCNC for first tests?
- square up all the axes, put epoxy putty (?) filler on the gantry mounts
- mark & drill for the gantry back supports, put inserts in them, clean them up, bolt them on
- install in laundry basket
- fit spindle motor
- get a VFD
- replace LinuxCNC with grblHal
I thought I had already ordered shorter screws but I still don't seem to have them, need
to chase up. It says they were meant to have arrived on Friday, I've messaged GWR Fasteners
on eBay.
So let's start with assembling the Z axis.
Oops!
I accidentally drove the ballnut past the end of its screw, 3 of the balls fell out and the
seal came off. I will have to reassemble this ballnut.
Well 3 balls came out but I'm having trouble getting any more than 2 back in. There doesn't
seem to be room on the outer track for the 3rd ball. It must have come from this track
because I can't imagine either of the other tracks got exposed. But maybe? The question is
do I assemble it 1 ball short, or do I unscrew it further and see if I can get a ball in
the middle track, but risk making it even more than 1 ball short?
I think risk it. I already know I've successfully rebuilt this ballnut once already.
Meh, too fiddly, I can't do it. I'd have to fully disassemble it and I can't be bothered.
So I'm just going to assemble it 1 ball short.
That'll do.
Must remember: there is basically 0 tolerance for over-travel on the Z axis.
Next up: assembling the frame?
Looking good!
The uprights splay apart slightly, I think this is due to the inserts on the baseplate
sticking out, so if you tighten the lower bolts more it makes the top move out, and
if you tighten the upper bolts more it makes the top move in. Not sure whether I'll just
live with this or whether I'll file it all flat. It might be helpful if I can use
this property to square up the machine and have the gap filled with epoxy putty?
So next up is bolting the gantry to the uprights, which will require hole locations
transferred to the uprights and then holes drilling and inserts gluing in.
Then once that is set and all bolted up nicely, I can fit the gantry back pieces. Although
I'm not necessarily in a hurry to do that just yet, I can do it just as easily at any time
before installing it in the laundry basket. Which, incidentally, I'm not sure how I'm going
to do. It is very heavy.
Apart from the above list, things that still need doing are:
- bolt gantry to uprights
- drill holes for bolting to metal stand
Deschanel Treatise on Natural Philosophy
There's an enormous amount of content in this book and I don't have time to read it all, so I'm going to first write
down topics from each chapter that sound potentially interesting, and then work through the list.
What worries me is that I'm mostly picking out topics that I think are either new to me, or are likely to be presented in
a manner unknown today. But there might be even bigger surprises in the topics that I don't expect to contain any.
Chapter 1: Preliminary notions:
Chapter 2: Mechanics:
- Illustrations of inertia
- Gravesande's apparatus
- Parallelopiped of forces
- Couple
Chapter 3: Constitution of bodies:
- Atoms
- Oersted's piezometer
- Real compressibilities of glass and water
- Tempering
- Scales measure mass, a spring-balance measures force
Chapter 4: Gravity:
- Experimental determination of centre of gravity
Chapter 5: Laws of falling bodies:
- Attwood's machine
- Bourbouze's modification of Attwood's machine
- Morin's apparatus
- Masses which are equal by the acceleration test, are equal by the balance test
Chapter 6: The pendulum:
(Crazy that there's an entire chapter on the pendulum. And it's a long one!)
- Construction of pendulum
- Formula for period
- Equivalent simple pendulum
- Convertibility of axes of suspension and oscillation
- Kater's pendulum
- Determination of g
- Expression for g in terms of latitude
- Centrifugal force
- Universal gravitation
- Determination of earth's mean density
- Simple vibrations
- Acceleration proportional to displacement
- Proof that simple vibrations are isochronous
- Reason of isochronism
- Cycloidal pendulum
- Motion of centre of mass never altered by mutual actions
- Centre of percussion
Chapter 7: The balance:
- Description of balance
- Its correctness defined and tested
- Knife-edge suspensions
- Specimen of delicate balance
Chapter 8: Hydrostatics:
- Principle of hydraulic press
- Pascal's vases
- Experiment on upward pressure
- Hydrostatic paradox
- Hydraulic tourniquet and Barker's mill
- Total pressure depends on depth of centre of gravity
Chapter 9: Principle of Archimedes:
- Resultant pressure on immersed body
- Centre of buoyancy
- Experimental demonstration of principle of Archimedes
- Cartesian diver
- Metacentre
- Apparent exception to principle of Archimedes in case of small bodies
- Floating needles
- Phial of the four elements
Chapter 10: Application of the principle of Archimedes to the determination of specific gravities:
- Hydrometers
- Nicholson's
- Fahrenheit's
- Beaume's and Twaddell's hydrometers
Chapter 11: Vessels in communication. Capillarity:
- Levelling between distant stations
- Spirit-level
- Level with attached telescope
- Capillarity
- Surface of a liquid not horizontal near sides of vessel
- Law of diameters
- Plateau's experiments
- Apparent attractions and repulsions of floating bodies
- Endosmose and diffusion
Chapter 12: The barometer:
- Weight of air
- Experiments of Aristotle, Galileo, and Otto Guericke
- Torricellian experiments
- Pascal's experiment at the Puy de Dome
- Barometer in its simplest form
- Cathetometer
- Fortin's barometer
- Vernier
- Ivory point adjustment
- Float adjustment
- Siphon barometer
- Wheel barometer
- Marine barometer
- Board of Trade barometer
- Sympiesometer
- Aneroid
- Counterpoised barometer
- Fahrenheit's multiple-tube barometer
Chapter 13: Variations of the barometer:
- Height of homogeneous atmosphere
- Proof that pressure decreases in geometric progression
- Diurnal oscillation of barometer
- Irregular variations
- Inverse changes of barometer and thermometer
- Barometric gradient
- Buys Ballot's law
Chapter 14: Boyle's law:
- Mariotte's tube
- Pouillet's apparatus
- Experiments of Dulong and Arago
- Regnault's experiments and results
- Manometers or pressure-gauges
- Open mercurial
- Multiple-branch
- Compressed-air manometer
- Bourdon's metallic gauge
- Absorption of gases by liquids and solids
- Adherent film of air
Chapter 15: Air-pump:
- Action of air-pump
- Cocks
- Bianchi's pump
- Burst bladder
- Magdeburg hemispheres
- Fountain in vacuo
- Untraversed space
- Air in oil
- Mercurial air-pumps
- Kravogl's
- Geissler's
- Sprengel's
- Babinet's doubly-exhausting pump
- Free piston
- Applications of compressed air
- Mont Cenis tunnel
- Caissons
- Mining machines
- Tate's air-pump
Chapter 16: Upward pressure of the air:
- Baroscope
- Soap-bubbles with hydrogen
- Balloons
- Construction of balloons
- Parachute
Chapter 17: Pumps for liquids:
- Limiting heights
- Mechanical arrangements for driving
- Bramah's cup-leathers
Chapter 18: Efflux of liquids:
(The first topic where I don't even recognise the name)
- Torricelli's theorem
- Apparatus for experimental verification
- Efflux tubes
- Flow through long pipes
- Fountains
- Magic funnel
- Inexhaustible bottle
- Intermittent fountain
- Siphon
- Siphon for sulphuric acid
- Vase of Tantalus
- Intermittent springs
- Marriotte's bottle for constant flow
Chapter 19: Thermometry:
- Construction of mercurial thermometer
- Fixed points
- Change of zero
- Weight thermometer
- Six's
- Rutherford's
- Phillips'
- Negretti's
- Walferdin's
- Sea and well thermometers
- Thermograph
- Secchi's meteorograph
- Pyrometers
Chapter 20: Formulae relating to expansion:
- Cubic, linear, and superficial expansion
Chapter 21: Expansion of solids:
- Experiments of Laplace and Lavoisier
- Method of Ramsden and Roy
- Compensated pendulums
Chapter 22: Expansion of liquids:
- Relation between apparent and absolute expansion:
- Expansion of glass
- Maximum density of water
- Saline solutions
- Heating buildings by hot water
Chapter 23: Expansion of gases:
- Gay-Lussac's experiments
- Regnault's experiments
- Air-thermometer
- Regnault's pyrometer
- Weight of a litre of air
- Draught of chimneys
Chapter 24: Fusion and solidification:
- Fusion
- Latent heat
- Congelation
- Ice-flowers
- Effect of stress in solids upon melting and solution
- Regelation
- Apparent plasticity of ice
Chapter 25: Evaporation and condensation:
- Dalton's two laws
- Faraday's first method
- Thilorier's apparatus
- Bianchi's
- Faraday's later method
- Experiments of Cagniard de la Tour, Drion, and Andrews
- Carre's two forms of apparatus for making ice
- Cryophorus
- Solidifcation of gases
Chapter 26: Ebullition:
(Another one where I don't even recognise the name)
- Phenomena of ebullition
- Theory of ebullition
- Franklin's experiment
- Determination of heights by boiling-point
- Hypsometer
- Papin's digester
- Boiling-point of mixtures
- Difficulty of making a beginning without air
- Experiments of Donny and Dufour
- Spheroidal state
- Freezing of mercury in red-hot crucible
Chapter 27: Measurement of tension and density of vapours:
- Importance in connection with steam-engine
- Dalton's experiments on maximum tensions of aqueous vapour
- Regnault's two methods of experiment
Chapter 28: Hygrometry:
- Dew-point
- Hygroscopes
- Hygrometers
- De Saussure's
- Dew-point instruments
- Aqueuous meteors
- Cloud and mist
- Supposed vesiscles
- Rain-gauge
Chapter 29: Radiant heat:
- Theory of exchanges
- Thermopile
- Variation of absorption with source of heat
- Diathermancy
- Dew
Chapter 30: Conduction of heat:
- Experiments to indicate differences of conductivity
- Ingenhousz's apparatus
- Wire-gauze and Davy lamp
- Accounts for warmth of clock, &c.
- Norwegian cooking-box
Chapter 31: Calorimetry:
- Regnault's apparatus
- Effect on climate
- Equal thermal capacities of all atoms
- Despretz's apparatus
- Oxy-hydrogen blowpipe
Chapter 32: Thermo-dyanmics:
- Rumford experiments on the boring of cannon
- Davy's experiment on friction of ice
- Foucault's electro-magnetic apparatus
- Illustrations from railway trains, cannon-balls, &c.
- Thermic engines
- Carnot's principles
- Reversibility a test for maximum efficiency
- Vegetable growth
- Coal
- Solar heat
- Its sources
- Meteoric theory
- Contraction theory
Chapter 33: Steam and other heat engines:
- Heat-engines in general
- Air-engine
- Eccentric
- Surface condensation
- Classification of steam-engines
- Condensing and non-condensing
- Oscillating cylinders
- Rotatory engine
- Giffard's injector
- Link-motion for reversing
- Gas engines
Chapter 34: Terrestrial temperatures:
- Temperature of the air
- Mean temperature of a day
- Mean annual temperature
- Underground temperature
- Anemometers
Chapter 35: Electricity: Introductory phenomena:
- Fundamental phenomenon
- Duality of electricity
- Electric pendulum
- Two-fluid and one-fluid theories
Chapter 36: Electrical induction:
- Charging by induction
- Faraday's theory of induction by contiguous particles
- Attraction of unelectrified bodies
- Repulsion the safer test of kind
- Electroscopes
- Pith-ball
- Gold-leaf electroscope
Chapter 37: Measurement of electrical forces:
- Coulomb's torsion-balance
- Fallacious objections
- Electricity resides on external surface
- Experimental proofs
- Electricity induced on internal surface
- Ice-pail experiment
- No force within a conductor
- Farady's cubical box
Chapter 38: Electrical machines:
- Early history
- Ramsden's machine
- Limit of charge
- Quadrant electroscope
- Amalgam for rubbers
- Nairne's machine
- Winter's machine
- Armstrong's hydro-electric machine
- Holtz's machine
- Electrophorus
- Bertsch's machine
Chapter 39: Various experiments with the electrical machine:
- Electric spark
- Brush
- Why crooked
- Wheatstone's experiment with revolving mirror
- Electric egg
- Discharge in Torricellian vacuum
- Colour of spark
- Spangled tube and pane
- Electric shock
- Tickling sensation
- Mechanical effects
- Kinnersley's thermometer
- Volta's pistol
- Electric whirl
- Electric watering-pot
Chapter 39A: Electrical potential, and lines of electric force:
- Tubes of force
- Analogy to filaments of a flowing liquid
- A hollow conductor screens its interior from external influence
- Electrical images
Chapter 40: Electrical condensers:
- Condensation
- Invention of Leyden jar
- Jar with movable coatings
- Riess' experiments
- Volta's condensing electroscope
- Leyden battery
- Lichtenberg's figures
Chapter 41: Effects produced by the discharge of condensers:
- Shock to a number of persons
- Coated pane
- Universal discharger
- Electric portrait
- Velocity of electricity
- Watson's experiment
- Wheatstone's determination
- Trials with Atlantic cable
- Unit-jars of Lane and Harris
- Perforation of card and glass
- Explosion of mines
Chapter 41A: Electrometers:
- Attracted-disc electrometers
- Portable electrometer
- Quadrant electrometer
- Replenisher
- Cage electrometer
Chapter 42: Atmospheric electricity:
- Franklin's discovery
- Shock by influence
- Use of point
- Arrow, burning-match, conducting-ball, water-jet
- Action of match and jet explained
- Conjectures regarding the source of atmospheric electricity
- Volta's theory of hail
Chapter 43: Magnetism: General statement of facts and laws:
- Lodestone and magnetic iron ore
- Magnetic chain
- Polarity of broken pieces of magnet
- Ideal simple magnet
- Terrestrial couple on magnet
Chapter 44: Experimental details:
- The earth's force simply directive
- Torsion-balance
- Declination theodolite
- Dip-circle
- Kew dip-circle
- Bifilar magnetometer
- The earth as a magnet
- Biot's hypothesis of a short central magnet
- Magnetic storms
- Ship's compass
- All bodies either paramagnetic or diamagnetic
Chapter 45: Galvanic battery:
- Galvani's discovery
- Volta's pile
- Couronne de tasses
- Cruickshank's trough
- Wollaston's battery
- Hare's deflagrator
- Daniell's battery
- Bunsen's and Grove's
- Sawdust battery
- Dry pile
- Bohnenberger's electroscope
Chapter 46: Galvanometer:
- Oersted's discovery of deflection of needle by current
- Ampere's rule
- Galvanometers
- Sine galvanometer
- Tangent galvanometer
- Schweiger's multiplier
- Differential galvanometer
- Astatic needle
- Thomson's mirror galvanometer
Chapter 47: Ohm's law:
- Rheostat
- Electrical and thermal conductivities proportional
- Advantage of large plates
- Wheatstone's bridge
Chapter 48: Electro-dynamics:
- Ampere's stand
- Sinuous currents
- Magneto-electric explanation
- Maxwell's rule
- Action of the earth on currents
- Astatic circuits
Chapter 49: Heating effects of currents:
- Joule's law
- Changes in the carbons
- Proprties of the voltaic arc
- Duboscq's regulator of the electric light
- Foucault's regulator
Chapter 50: Electro-motors - telegraphs:
- Electro-magnetic engines
- Bourbouze's
- Froment's
- Electric telegraph
- Wires
- Return wire dispensed with
- Breguet's
- Alarum
- Wheatstone's universal telegraph
- Morse's telegraph
- Relay
- Bain's electro-chemical telegraph
- Submarine telegraphs
- Retardation by induction
- Application of electricity to clocks
Chapter 51: Electro-chemistry:
- Voltameter
- Transport of elements
- Grotthus' hypothesis
- Gas-battery
- Secondary pile
- Electro-metallurgy
- Electro-gilding and electro-plating
- Electro-type
Chapter 52: Induction of currents:
- Delezenne's circle
- British Association experiment
- Induction of a current on itself
- Ruhmkorff's induction coil
- Geissler's tubes
- Magneti-electric machines
- Pixii's
- Clarke's
- Machines for lighthouses
- Siemens' armature
- Wilde's machine
- Siemens' and Wheatstone's
- Ladd's machine
- Copper dampers
- Electro-medical machines
Appendix: On electrical and magnetic units:
- Electro-magnetic system
- Dimensions of the same quantity different in the two systems
Chapter 53: Acoustics: Production and propagation of sound:
- Vibration of bell
- Of plate
- Nodal lines
- Opposite behaviour of sand and lycopodium
- Chemical harmonica
- Trevelyan experiment
- Mode of propagation
- Transmission of condensations and rarefactions
- Regnault's experiments with sewer pipes
- Colladon's experiment at Lake of Geneva
- Biot's experiment
- Speaking-trumpet
- Ear-trumpets
Motorbiking
I had my first enjoyable motorcycle ride so far this year. (The first time I got cold and wet, the second time the battery was flat and I
had to take the car).
I had the idea to make a "motorcycling forecast", it will basically be a weather forecast but it draws a picture of a motorbike
on days that will be pleasant motorcycling weather. I basically just want to be warm and dry. I also want dry roads, so it's
no good for it to just not be raining, I'd rather it hadn't substantially rained in the last day.
Today it is apparently 17 deg. C outside and I was quite comfortable, I probably want at least 14? And do I need
some sort of model of how long it takes roads to dry under different rain, temperature, and wind conditions?
ChatGPT said:
Let:
P = hours since last significant precipitation
T = temperature in Celsius
H = relative humidity (%)
W = wind speed (km/h)
S = sunlight exposure (hours)
Dryness Score=P+((T-10)/5)+(W/10)+S-(H/10)
And it says a score >15 indicates roads are dry, and <10 indicates roads are still wet.
What does that give us for today?
Let's say:
P = 12
T = 17
W = 15
S = 3
H = 74
Then dryness score is 12 + ((17-10)/5) + (15-10) + 3 - (74/10) = 12 + 1.4 + 5 + 3 - 7.4 = 14. That's actually
not awful. The roads were slightly wet under the trees, so being just under 15 is probably fair.
I wonder if this formula is actually any good or if it's just a fluke? Maybe I'd rather display "mm of rain in last
24 hours" as that is then at least understandable.
It would be handy to have a dataset of historical weather readings and road wetness readings so that I could test
out the formula, and improve on it.
There is also scope for a slightly different "microlighting forecast", that needs:
- dry
- low wind
- not too much cloud
Sources of weather data:
- Met office: no obvious API
- Accuweather: has a "free trial" API limited to 50 calls/day
- Wunderground: looks like it had an API, but not obvious on the website any more, also not obvious whether the API has forecasts or only live data
- METAR from Yeovilton (EGDY): live data, but no forecast
Scraping the data from the Met office web page may be the best option. They block LWP::UserAgent
's User-Agent string,
but changing it solves it. Eventually I'll include a URL to where they can see my tool.
An hour is potentially good for motorcycling if the temperature is 14 deg. C or above, and the sums of percentages of rain probability in the last 6 hours
and next 2 hours is less than 80. This would require us to store historical rain probabilities - however I think it is OK to just assume they were 0,
because I can look out the window to see if the roads are wet.
I have a script to scrape the date off the Met office page, they make quite good use of data-...
attributes which makes it easier
than it could have been.
Made a start here: https://github.com/jes/weather - so far just ./grab | ./parse | ./motorcycling
and it will print "good" or "bad" based on
temperature only. I need to make it look backwards and forwards to see what precipitation looks like, and then do something similar for microlighting,
and make it generate a web page and run it on cron. Probably also store all the grabbed HTML so that in future I will have a historical dataset.
Great success:
ChatGPT made the HTML template for me.
https://incoherency.co.uk/motorcycling-forecast/
Lawnmower
I tried the "Drop and Mow" on the top grass out the front, with this result:
The problem is that the stone has some grass/weeds on it so the camera still thought it was driving on grass
all the way off the edge.
Solution:
< 2024-05-05 2024-05-07 >